Upscaling of perovskite solar modules: The synergy of fully evaporated layer fabrication and all‐laser‐scribed interconnections

Given the outstanding progress in research over past decade, perovskite photovoltaics (PV) is about to step up from laboratory prototypes commercial products. For this happen, realizing scalable processes allow technology transition solar cells modules pivotal. This work presents all-evaporated PV with all thin films coated by established vacuum deposition processes. A common 532-nm nanosecond laser source employed realize three interconnection lines of modules. The resulting module interconnections exhibit low series resistance and a small total lateral extension down 160 μm. In comparison fabrication approaches utilizing multiple scribing tools, process complexity reduced while obtained geometrical fill factor 96% comparable inorganic thin-film technologies. minimodules demonstrate power conversion efficiencies 18.0% 16.6% on aperture areas 4 51 cm2, respectively. Most importantly, only minimal upscaling losses as 3.1%rel per decade upscaled area, at same time being most efficient based an layer stack sequence.